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Ak Kojunlu

S Vikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije
Ak Kojunlu
Āq Quyūnlū
Turci Belog Ovna
Plemenski savez Belog Ovna u vreme najveće moći (oko 1478).
Plemenski savez Belog Ovna u vreme najveće moći (oko 1478).
Geografija
Kontinent Azija
Regija Bliski istok
Zemlja Azerbejdžan, Jermenija, Iran, Turska, Irak
Glavni grad Bagdad
Društvo
Službeni jezik turski
Religija islam
Politika
Oblik države monarhija
Zakonodavna vlast Kengač (zakonodavni)[1]
Istorija
Istorijsko doba 1378–1503[a]
 — Osnivanje 1378.[3]
 — Ukidanje 1501.
Geografske i druge karakteristike
Valuta Akča[4]
ašrafi[4]
dinar[4]
tanka[4]

hasanbegi[5] (jednako sa dve akče)

Zemlje prethodnice i naslednice
Prethodnice: Naslednice:
Seldžučko carstvo Safavidi
Osmansko Carstvo
široko zastupljeni jezici:

Ak Kojunlu (tur. Āq Quyūnlū, pers. آق‌ قویونلو), poznati i kao Turkmeni Belog Ovna,[v] bio je plemenski savez Turaka Oguza,[12][13][14][15] koji je vladao današnjom istočnom Turskom od 1378. do 1501.[16][17] Suniti[13] pod snažnim uticajem Persije,[18][19][20] u svojim poslednjim decenijama zavladali su i Jermenijom, Azerbejdžanom, Irakom i većim delom Irana.[21][22][23]

Istorija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vizantijski izvori pominju Turke Belog Ovna od 1340[24], a kao osnivač njihove države pominje se Kara Osman (1378-1435)[25], koji je kao Timurov saveznik dobio posede u Maloj Aziji posle bitke kod Angore 1402. Najveći uspon doživeli su pod vođstvom Uzun Hasana (1423-1478)[26], koji je uspešno ratovao protiv rivalske države Kara Kojunlu (Turci Crnog Ovna) i zauzeo Bagdad i zapadni deo Irana[27], a u savezu sa Mletačkom republikom ratovao je sa Osmanlijama, od kojih je 1473. poražen. Posle njegove smrti država Belog Ovna brzo opada, da bi 1501. konačno pala pod vlast Persije Safavida.[28]

Napomene[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ Međutim, neke krnje države Ak Koiunlua nastavile su da vladaju do 1508. godine, pre nego što ih je Ismail I apsorbovao u Safavidsko carstvo.[2]
  2. ^ ...Persian was primarily the language of poetry in the Aq Qoyunlu court.[7]
  3. ^  • Also referred to as the Aq Qoyunlu confederacy, the Aq Qoyunlu sultanate, the Aq Qoyunlu empire,[1] the White Sheep confederacy.
     • Other spellings includes Ag Qoyunlu, Agh Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu.
     • Also mentioned as Bayanduriyye (Bayandurids) in Iranian[10][5] i osmanski izvori.[11]
     • Also known as Tur-'Alids in Mamluk sources.‍:34

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ a b „AQ QOYUNLŪ”. Encyclopaedia Iranica. 5. 8. 2011. str. 163—168. 
  2. ^ Charles Melville (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran. 10. str. 33. „Only after five more years did Esma‘il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma‘il.” 
  3. ^ Faruk Sümer (1988—2016). „AKKOYUNLULAR XV. yüzyılda Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan ve Irak’ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1340–1514)”. TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (na jeziku: Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. 
  4. ^ a b v g „Coins from the tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu”. 
  5. ^ a b Faruk Sümer (1988—2016). „UZUN HASAN (ö. 882/1478) Akkoyunlu hükümdarı (1452–1478).”. TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (na jeziku: Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. 
  6. ^ Arjomand, Saïd Amir (2016). „Unity of the Persianate World under Turko-Mongolian Domination and Divergent Development of Imperial Autocracies in the Sixteenth Century”. Journal of Persianate Studies. 9 (1): 11. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341292. „The disintegration of Timur’s empire into a growing number of Timurid principalities ruled by his sons and grandsons allowed the remarkable rebound of the Ottomans and their westward conquest of Byzantium as well as the rise of rival Turko-Mongolian nomadic empires of the Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu in western Iran, Iraq, and eastern Anatolia. In all of these nomadic empires, however, Persian remained the official court language and the Persianate ideal of kingship prevailed.” 
  7. ^ a b Erkinov 2015, str. 62.
  8. ^ Lazzarini, Isabella (2015). Communication and Conflict: Italian Diplomacy in the Early Renaissance, 1350-1520 (na jeziku: engleski). Oxford University Press. str. 244. ISBN 978-0-19-872741-5. 
  9. ^ Javadi & Burrill 2012.
  10. ^ Seyfettin Erşahin (2002). Akkoyunlular: siyasal, kültürel, ekonomik ve sosyal tarih (na jeziku: turski). str. 317. 
  11. ^ International Journal of Turkish Studies. 4—5. University of Wisconsin. 1987. str. 272. 
  12. ^ C.E. Bosworth; R. Bulliet (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Columbia University Press. str. 275. ISBN 978-0-231-10714-3. 
  13. ^ a b Michael M. Gunter, Historical dictionary of the Kurds (2010), p. 29
  14. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 1. Santa-Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. str. 431. ISBN 978-159884-336-1.  "His Qizilbash army overcame the massed forces of the dominant Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep) Turkomans at Sharur in 1501...".
  15. ^ The Book of Dede Korkut (F.Sumer, A.Uysal, W.Walker izd.). University of Texas Press. 1972. str. Introduction. ISBN 0-292-70787-8.  "Better known as Turkomans... the interim Ak-Koyunlu and Karakoyunlu dynasties..."
  16. ^ Erdem, Ilham. "The Aq-qoyunlu State from the Death of Osman Bey to Uzun Hasan Bey (1435-1456)." (2008). “The creator of the Aq-Qoyunlu principality founded in the region of Diyarbakır was Kara Yülük Osman Bey, a member of the Bayındır tribe of the Oghuz.”
  17. ^ Pines, Yuri; Biran, Michal; Rüpke, Jörg (21. 1. 2021). The Limits of Universal Rule: Eurasian Empires Compared. Cambridge University Press. str. 265. ISBN 9781108488631. 
  18. ^ Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38;"Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan."
  19. ^ Ak Kojunlu at Encyclopædia Iranica; "Christian sedentary inhabitants were not totally excluded from the economic, political, and social activities of the Āq Qoyunlū state and that Qara ʿOṯmān had at his command at least a rudimentary bureaucratic apparatus of the Iranian-Islamic type. [...] With the conquest of Iran, not only did the Āq Qoyunlū center of power shift eastward, but Iranian influences were soon brought to bear on their method of government and their culture."
  20. ^ Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38; "Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan."
  21. ^ electricpulp.com. „AQ QOYUNLŪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica”. www.iranicaonline.org. Pristupljeno 25. 3. 2018. 
  22. ^ Potts, Daniel T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press. str. 216. ISBN 978-0-19-933079-9. 
  23. ^ Wink, André (1991). Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries. 3. Brill. str. 192. ISBN 9004135618. 
  24. ^ Sinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey. I. Pindar Press. str. 111. ISBN 9780907132325. 
  25. ^ Robert MacHenry (1993). The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. str. 184. ISBN 978-0-85229-571-7. 
  26. ^ Rosemarie Quiring-Zoche, "Aq Qoyunlu" Arhivirano 2007-10-07 na sajtu Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Iranica.
  27. ^ H.R. Roemer, "The Safavid Period", in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title 'Padishah-i-Iran', previously held by Uzun Hasan."
  28. ^ Woods, John E. (1999). The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. стр. 125. ISBN 978-0-87480-565-9. 

Литература[uredi | uredi izvor]

  • Charles Melville (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran. 10. стр. 33. „Only after five more years did Esma‘il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma‘il.” 
  • Bosworth, Clifford. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual (2nd ed.) Columbia University Press, New York. 1996. ISBN 978-0-231-10714-3..
  • Eagles, Jonathan (2014). Stephen the Great and Balkan Nationalism: Moldova and Eastern European History. I.B. Tauris. 
  • Morby, John (2002). Dynasties of the World: A Chronological and Genealogical Handbook (2nd izd.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860473-0. 
  • Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A., ur. (2015). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History: Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America. 7.  Nepoznati parametar |bbpublisher= ignorisan (pomoć)
  • Woods, John E. (1999). The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire (2nd izd.). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-0-87480-565-9. .
  • Muʾayyid S̲ābitī, ʻAlī (1967). Asnad va Namahha-yi Tarikhi (Historical documents and letters from early Islamic period towards the end of Shah Ismaʻil Safavi's reign.). Iranian culture & literature. Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ṭahūrī. 
  • Javadi, H.; Burrill, K. (24. 5. 2012). „Azerbaijan x. Azeri Turkish Literature”. Encyclopaedia Iranica. „"Among the Azeri poets of the 15th century mention should be made of Ḵaṭāʾi Tabrizi. He wrote a maṯnawi entitled Yusof wa Zoleyḵā, and dedicated it to the Aqqoyunlu Sultan Yaʿqub (r. 1478–90), who himself wrote poetry in Azeri Turkish."” 
  • Daʿadli, Tawfiq (2019). Esoteric Images: Decoding the Late Herat School of Painting. Brill. 
  • Erkinov, Aftandil (2015). Prevod: Bean, Scott. „From Herat to Shiraz: the Unique Manuscript (876/1471) of 'Alī Shīr Nawā'ī's Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle”. Cahiers d'Asie centrale. 24: 47—79. 
  • Lane, George (2016). „Turkoman confederations, the (Aqqoyunlu and Qaraqoyunlu)”. Ur.: Dalziel, N.; MacKenzie, J.M. The Encyclopedia of Empire. str. 1—5. ISBN 978-1118455074. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe193. 
  • Langaroodi, Reza Rezazadeh; Negahban, Farzin (2015). „Āq-qūyūnlū”. Ur.: Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad. Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831. 
  • Lingwood, C. G. (2011). „The qebla of Jāmi is None Other than Tabriz": ʿAbd al-Rahmān Jāmi and Naqshbandi Sufism at the Aq Qoyunlu Royal Court”. Journal of Persianate Studies. 4 (2): 233—245. doi:10.1163/187471611X600404. 
  • Lingwood, Chad G. (2014). Politics, Poetry, and Sufism in Medieval Iran. Brill. 
  • Markiewicz, Christopher (2019). The Crisis of Kingship in Late Medieval Islam: Persian Emigres and the Making of Ottoman Sovereignty. Cambridge University Press. [nedostaje ISBN]
  • Morby, John (2002). Dynasties of the World: A Chronological and Genealogical Handbook. ISBN 0-19-860473-4.  (2nd ed.) Oxford: Oxford University Press, England.
  • Potts, Daniel T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. str. 7. „Indeed, the Bayundur clan to which the Aq-qoyunlu rulers belonged, bore the same name and tamgha (symbol) as that of an Oghuz clan.” 

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Ak Kojunlu na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Preuzeto iz „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ак_Којунлу&oldid=27834258”