Norbert Elijas

Norbert Elijas
Norbert Elijas (1987)
Datum rođenja	(1897-06-22)22. jun 1897.
Mesto rođenja	Vroclav, Nemačko carstvo
Datum smrti	1. avgust 1990.(1990-08-01) (93 god.)
Mesto smrti	Amsterdam, Holandija

Norbert Elijas (nem. Norbert Elias; rođen 22. juna 1897, umro 1. avgusta 1990) bio je nemački sociolog jevrejskog porekla koji je kasnije u životu postao britanski državljanin. Njegovo najznačajnije delo je Proces civilizacije.

Biografija

Elijas je rođen 22. juna 1897. godine u Vroclavu (nemački Breslau) u pruskoj provinciji Šleska. Njegovi roditelji su bili Herman i Sofi Elijas. Njegov otac je bio biznismen u tekstilnoj industriji, a majka domaćica. Nakon polaganja mature 1915. godine volontirao je za nemačku vojsku u Prvom svetskom ratu i bio je zaposlen kao telegrafista, prvo na Istočnom, a zatim na Zapadnom frontu. Nakod nervnog sloma 1915. godine, Elijas je bio proglašen kao nesposoban za službu i postavljen za bolničara u Vroclavu. Iste godine, Elijas je počeo da studira filozofiju, psihologiju i medicinu na Univerzitetu u Vroclavu, provodeći semestar na Univerzitetu u Hajdelbergu (gde je pohađao predavanja Karla Jaspersa) i na Univerzitetu u Frajburgu 1919. i 1920. godine. Napustio je medicinu 1919. godine, nakon položenog predispita. Da bi finansirao svoje studije nakon što je bogatstvo njegovog oca bilo smanjeno zbog hiperinflacije, počeo je da radi kao šef odeljenja izvoza u lokalnoj fabrici hardvera 1922. godine. Godine 1924, diplomirao je sa doktorskom disertacijom na filozofiji pod nazivom Idee und Individuum pod nadzorom Ričarda Honigsvalda, predstavnika Neo-kantove filozofije. Razočaran zbog odsustva društvenog aspekta u neokantovoj filozofiji, što je dovelo do ozbiljnog spora sa svojim pretpostavljenim za disertaciju, Elijas je odlučio da se u svojim daljim studijama okrene sociologiji.

Plaketa Norberta Elijasa u Vroclavu

Do 1925. godine, Elijas je bio duboko upleten u nemački pokret cionizam, i delovao kao jedan od vodećih intelektualaca u nemačko-jevrejskom pokretu "Blau-Weiss" (Plavo-beli). Tokom ovih godina upoznao se sa drugim mladim cionistima kao što su Erih From, Leo Štraus, Leo Loventhal i Geršom Šolem. Godine 1925. Elijas se preselio u Hajdelberg, gde ga je Alfred Veber prihvatio za kandidata za habilitaciju  o razvoju moderne nauke, pod nazivom " Značaj firentinskog društva i kulture za razvoj nauke". Godine 1930, Elijas je izabrao da zaustavi ovaj projekat i da prati Karla Manhajma da bi postao njegov asistent na Univerzitetu u Frankfurtu. Međutim, nakon nacističkog preuzimanja početkom 1933. godine, Manhajm je bio primoran da zatvori svoj sociološki institut. Godine 1933, Elijas je pobegao u Pariz. Njegovi stari roditelji su ostali u Vroclavu, gde je njegov otac umro 1940, a majka depotovana u Aušvic, gde je verovatno ubijena 1941. godine. 

Tokom dve godine života u Parizu, Elijas je radio kao privatni stipendista. Godine 1935, preselio se u Veliku Britaniju, gde je radio na svom remekdelu, Civilizacijski proces, do 1939. godine, podržan stipendijom humanitarne organizacije jevrejskih izbeglica.  Godine 1939, Elijas se sastao sa svojim bivšim supervizorom Manhajmom u London School of Economics (LSE), gde je postao viši asistent. Krajem rata radio je za britanske obaveštajne službe, istražujući ojačane naciste među nemačkim ratnim zarobljenicima. Držao je večernje časove u Organizaciji za obrazovanje odraslih. Njegov ugled i popularnost su neverovatno rasli posle objavljivanja Procesa civilizacije1969. godine. Od 1978. do 1984. godine radio je u Centru za interdisciplinarna istraživanja na Univerzitetu u Bilefeldu. Elijas je bio prvi laureat Theodor W. Adorno nagrade (1977) i Evropske Amalfi nagrade za sociologiju i društvene nauke (1987).

Osim sociološkog rada, bavio se i pisanjem poezije. Elijas je umro u svom domu u Amsterdamu 1. avgusta 1990. godine.

Rad

Eliajsova teorija je usmerena na odnos između vlasti, ponašanja, emocija i znanja. Zbog istorijskih okolnosti, Elijas je dugo ostao marginalni autor, dok nije ponovo bio otkriven od strane nove generacije naučnika 1970, kada je na kraju postao jedan od najuticajnijih sociologa u istoriji. Interesovanje za njegov rad može se pripisati činjenici da njegov koncept velikih društvenih mreža objašnjava nastanak i funkciju velikih društvenih struktura zanemarujući aspekt individualne delatnosti. Tokom 1960-ih i 1970-ih, prenaglašenost strukture u odnosu na delatnost je žestoko kritikovana zbog tada dominantne škole strukturalnog funkcionalizma.

Elijasov najpoznatiji rad je Proces civilizacije. Originalno je obljavnjen 1939. godine na nemačkom, u dva toma, ali je praktično bio ignorisan do ponovnog objavljivanja 1969. godine, kada je takođe prvi tom preveden na engleski jezik. Prvi tom prati istorijski razvoj evropskih navika ili druge prirode, posebno individualne psihičke strukture oblikovane društvenim stavovima. Elijas prati kako su posle-srednjovekovni evropski standardi u pogledu nasilja, seksualnog ponašanja, telesne funkcije, ponašanja za stolom i oblika govora se postepeno transformisali povećanjem praga sramote i odbojnosti. Drugi tom Procesa civilizacije govori o uzrocima ovih procesa.

Kada je Elijasov rad pronašao veću publiku 1960-ih, u početku njegova analiza procesa je pogrešno shvaćena kao produžetak diskreditovanog "socijalnog darvinizma".

Elijas je počeo da piše i na nemačkom i na engleskom. Gotovo sav njegov rad iz sociologije znanja i nauke je napisan na engleskom. Centar za sociologiju razvoja Bilefeld univerziteta je pozvao Norberta Elijasa da predsedava skupom svojih međunarodno istaknutih saradnika koji su za uzvrat želeli da uživo razgovaraju o Elijasovim najinteresantnijim teorijama civilizacijskih procesa.

Sabrana dela Norberta Elijasa

1. Early Writings, edited by Richard Kilminster (Dublin: UCD Press, 2006).
2. The Court Society, edited by Stephen Mennell (Dublin: UCD Press, 2006).
3. On the Process of Civilisation [note new title], edited by Stephen Mennell, Eric Dunning, Johan Goudsblom and Richard Kilminster (Dublin: UCD Press, 2012).
4. The Established and the Outsiders, edited by Cas Wouters (Dublin: UCD Press, 2008).
5. What is Sociology? edited by Artur Bogner, Katie Liston and Stephen Mennell (Dublin: UCD Press,2012).
6. The Loneliness of the Dying and Humana Conditio, edited by Alan and Brigitte Scott (Dublin: UCD Press, 2009).
7. Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilising Process, by Norbert Elias and Eric Dunning, edited by Eric Dunning (Dublin: UCD Press, 2008).
8. Involvement and Detachment, edited by Stephen Quilley (Dublin: UCD Press, 2007).
9. An Essay on Time, edited by Steven Loyal and Stephen Mennell (Dublin: UCD Press, 2007).
10. The Society of Individuals, edited by Robert van Krieken (Dublin: UCD Press, 2010)
11. Studies on the Germans [note new title], edited by Stephen Mennell and Eric Dunning (Dublin: UCD Press, 2013).
12. Mozart, and Other Essays on Courtly Culture, edited by Eric Baker and Stephen Mennell (Dublin: UCD Press, 2010).
13. The Symbol Theory, edited by Richard Kilminster (Dublin: UCD Press, 2011).
14. Essays I: On the Sociology of Knowledge and the Sciences, edited by Richard Kilminster and StephenMennell (Dublin: UCD Press, 2009).
15. Essays II: On Civilising Processes, State Formation and National Identity, edited by Richard Kilminster and Stephen Mennell (Dublin: UCD Press, 2008).
16. Essays III: On Sociology and the Humanities, edited by Richard Kilminster and Stephen Mennell (Dublin: UCD Press, 2009).
17. Interviews and Autobiographical Reflections, edited by Edmund Jephcott, Richard Kilminster, Katie Liston and Stephen Mennell (Dublin: UCD Press, October 2013).
18. Supplements and Index to the Collected Works [includes major unpublished essays on Freud and on Lévy-Bruhl], edited by Stephen Mennell, Marc Joly and Katie Liston (Dublin: UCD Press, forthcoming Spring 2014).

Dopunski tom

The Genesis of the Naval Profession, edited by René Moelker and Stephen Mennell (Dublin: UCD Press, 2007).

Izabrana bibliografija ranijih izdanja

Books (in chronological order, by date of original publication):

• 1939: Über den Prozeß der Zivilisation. Soziogenetische und psychogenetische Untersuchungen. Erster Band. Wandlungen des Verhaltens in den weltlichen Oberschichten des Abendlandes and Zweiter Band. Wandlungen der Gesellschaft. Entwurf einer Theorie der Zivilisation. Basel: Verlag Haus zum Falken. (Published in English as The Civilizing Process, Vol.I. The History of Manners, Oxford: Blackwell, 1969, and The Civilizing Process, Vol.II. State Formation and Civilization, Oxford: Blackwell, 1982).
• 2000: The Civilizing Process. Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations. Revised edition of 1994. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
• 1965 (with John L. Scotson): The Established and the Outsiders. A Sociological Enquiry into Community Problems, London: Frank Cass & Co. (Originally published in English.)
• 1969: Die höfische Gesellschaft. Untersuchungen zur Soziologie des Königtums und der höfischen Aristokratie (based on the 1933 habilitation). Neuwied/Berlin: Luchterhand. (Published in English translation by Edmund Jephcott as The Court Society, Oxford: Blackwell, 1983).
• 1970: Was ist Soziologie?. München: Juventa. (Published in English as What is Sociology?, London: Hutchinson, 1978).
• 1982: Über die Einsamkeit der Sterbenden in unseren Tagen, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Published in English as The Loneliness of the Dying, Oxford: Blackwell, 1985).
• 1982 (edited with Herminio Martins and Richard Whitley): Scientific Establishments and Hierarchies. Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 1982, Dordrecht: Reidel.
• 1983: Engagement und Distanzierung. Arbeiten zur Wissenssoziologie I, edited by Michael Schröter, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Published in English as Involvement and Detachment. Contributions to the Sociology of Knowledge, Oxford: Blackwell, 1987)
• 1984: Über die Zeit. Arbeiten zur Wissenssoziologie II, edited by Michael Schröter, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Published in English as Time. An Essay, Oxford: Blackwell, 1991).
• 1985: Humana conditio. Betrachtungen zur Entwicklung der Menschheit am 40. Jahrestag eines Kriegsendes (8. Mai 1985), Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Not available in English).
• 1986 (with Eric Dunning): Quest for Excitement. Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process. Oxford: Blackwell.
• 1987: Die Gesellschaft der Individuen, edited by Michael Schröter, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Original 1939, published in English as The Society of Individuals, Oxford: Blackwell, 1991).
• 1987: Los der Menschen. Gedichte, Nachdichtungen, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Poetry, not available in English).
• 1989: Studien über die Deutschen. Machtkämpfe und Habitusentwicklung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, edited by Michael Schröter, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Published in English as The Germans. Power struggles and the development of habitus in the 19th and 20th centuries, Cambridge: Polity Press 1996)
• 1990: Über sich selbst, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Published in English as Reflections on a life, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994).
• 1991: Mozart. Zur Soziologie eines Genies, edited by Michael Schröter, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Published in English as Mozart. Portrait of a Genius, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993).
• 1991: The Symbol Theory. London: Sage. (Originally published in English.)
• 1996: Die Ballade vom armen Jakob, Frankfurt am Main: Insel Verlag (Drama, not available in English).
• 1998: Watteaus Pilgerfahrt zur Insel der Liebe, Weitra (Austria): Bibliothek der Provinz (Not available in English).
• 1998: The Norbert Elias Reader: A Biographical Selection, edited by Johan Goudsblom and Stephen Mennell, Oxford: Blackwell.
• 1999: Zeugen des Jahrhunderts. Norbert Elias im Gespräch mit Hans-Christian Huf, edited by Wolfgang Homering, Berlin: Ullstein. (Interview, not available in English).
• 2002: Frühschriften. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Early writings, not available in English.)
• 2004: Gedichte und Sprüche. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. (Translations of poems in English and French).
• Stephen Mennell (1989) Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
• Jonathan Fletcher (1997) Violence and Civilization: An Introduction to the Work of Norbert Elias. Cambridge: Polity.
• Robert van Krieken (1998) Norbert Elias. London: Routledge.
• Nathalie Heinich (2002) La sociologie de Norbert Elias. Paris: La Découverte.
• Steven Loyal and Steven Quilley (eds) (2004) The Sociology of Norbert Elias. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Eric Dunning and Jason Hughes (2013) Norbert Elias and Modern Sociology: Knowledge, Interdependence, Power, Process. London: Bloomsbury.
• Dépelteau, F. and Landini, T.S. (Ed. by) (2013) Norbert Elias & Social Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Landini, T.S. and Dépelteau, F. (Ed. by) (2014) Norbert Elias & Empirical Research. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Članci

• "Studies in the genesis of the naval profession", British Journal of Sociology, 1(4) (1950), str. 291-309.
• "Problems of involvement and detachment", British Journal of Sociology, 7(3) (1956), str. 226-52.
• "Sociology of knowledge: new perspectives. Part One", Sociology, 5(2): (1971): 149-68.
• "Sociology of knowledge: new perspectives. Part Two", Sociology, 5(3): (1971): 355-70.
• "Theory of science and history of science: comments on a recent discussion", Economy & Society, 1(2): (1972): 117-33.
• "The Civilizing Process revisited: interview with Stanislas Fontaine", Theory & Society, 5: (1978): 243-53.
• "On transformations of aggressiveness", Theory & Society, 5(2): (1978): 229-42.
• "Civilization and Violence: on the state monopoly of violence and its infringements". TELOS 54 (Winter 1982-83): 134-54. New York: Telos Press
• "The retreat of sociologists into the present", Theory, Culture & Society, 4: (1987): 223-47.
• "On human beings and their emotions: a process-sociological essay", Theory, Culture & Society, 4(2—3): (1987): 339-61.
• "The changing balance of power between the sexes - a process-sociological study: the example of the Ancient Roman state", Theory, Culture & Society, 4(2—3): (1987): 287-316.
• "The Symbol Theory: An Introduction, Part One", Theory, Culture & Society, 6(2): (1989): 169-217.
• "Technization and civilization", Theory, Culture & Society, 12(3): (1995): 7-42.
• "Towards a theory of social processes", British Journal of Sociology, 48(3): (1997): 355-83.
• "Power and Civilisation", Journal of Power, 1(2): (2008): 135-42.

Literatura

• Robert Van Krieken, Norbert Elias, Key Sociologists series, London: Routledge, 1998.
• Eric Dunning and Jason Hughes, Norbert Elias and Modern Sociology: Knowledge, Interdependence, Power, Process, Bloomsbury Academic, 2012.
• Jonathan Fletcher, Violence and Civilization: An Introduction to the Work of Norbert Elias, Cambridge: Polity, 1997.
• The Sociology of Norbert Elias, edited by Steven Loyal and Stephen Quilley, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
• Stephen Mennell, Norbert Elias: An Introduction, Dublin: UCD Press, 1999.
• Andrew McKinnon 'Religion and the Civilizing Process: The Pax Dei Movement and the Christianization of Violence in the Process of Feudalization'. in A McKinnon & M Trzebiatowska (eds), Sociological Theory and the Question of Religion. Ashgate, 2014. [1].

Spoljašnje veze

• The Norbert Elias Foundation website(Includes all issues of the Newsletter Figurations)
• The HyperElias website (A complete list of all works by Norbert Elias, in all languages, published and unpublished, as well as many full text items and abstracts)