Atomska bombardovanja Hirošime i Nagasakija
Atomsko bombardovanje japanskih gradova Hirošime i Nagasakija dogodilo se 6 i 9. avgusta 1945. Bombardovanje je izvedeno po odluci predsednika Harija Trumana. Naređenje su izvršili američki bombarderi. To je bilo prvi put u istoriji da je nuklearno oružje upotrebljeno u ratu. Sam čin i danas je kontroverzan, iako je njime završen Drugi svetski rat.
Uvod[uredi | uredi izvor]
Nakon kapitulacije Nemačke i Italije, Japan je ostao jedina država osovine koja je nastavila da se bori u Drugom svetskom ratu, bez namere da se preda, iako je gotovo 60% velikih gradova Japana bilo uništeno. U junu 1945. američki Prelazni Komitet je predložio upotrebu atomskog oružja protiv japanske vojne industrije odmah nakon usavršavanja. Uz to, pri osvajanju japanskog ostrva Okinave je poginulo oko 12.500 vojnika, a na području Tihog okeana više od 70.000, što je sve više uznemiravalo američku javnost koja nije znala koliko dugo će još rat trajati i koliki bi bili gubici ukoliko bi SAD odlučile da izvedu invaziju na Japan. 16. jula 1945. po prvi put je uspešno isprobana atomska bomba u pustinji Novi Meksiko. SAD su predložile japanskoj vladi kapitulaciju, na šta ona nije pristala, pa je predsednik Truman naredio upotrebu atomske bombe i prepustio generalu Karlu Spacu da sam izabere ciljeve. Iako su neki zvaničnici nagovarali Trumana da baci atomsku bombu na neko nenaseljeno područje, kako bi pokazao Japancima koliko je smrtonosno to novo oružje, drugi su od njega tražili da bomba bude bačena bez upozorenja na neki grad.
Bombardovanja[uredi | uredi izvor]
Hirošima je bio jedan od malobrojnih gradova koji su ostali pošteđeni bombardovanja konvencionalnim oružjem. No, bili su predloženi i drugi ciljevi; Kjoto, Jokohama, Nigata pa čak i carska palata u Tokiju. Hirošima, koja je tada brojala 255.000 stanovnika, je bila glavni štab generala Hata Šunrokua koji je bio zadužen za odbranu južnog dela države, no većina stanovništva su bili civili. 31. jula SAD su pripremile uranijumsku bombu nazvanu Mali dečak, tešku 4 tone i dugu 3 metra. Sa malog zapadnopacifičkog ostrva Tinianu 6. avgusta 1945, u 2.45 ujutro, u pratnji još dva bombardera B-29 koji su bili opremljeni uređajima za osmatranje, foto-aparatima i kamerama, poleteo je bombarder nazvan Enola Gej, kojim je pilotirao Pol Tibets mlađi. Umesto uobičajenog tereta konvencionalnih bombi i oružja, u svom spremištu nosio je samo samo jednu bombu od 4090 kilograma. Odredište ovih aviona bila je Hirošima udaljena šest sati leta.
U 7 sati po lokalnom vremenu japanski radari su otkrili tri aviona i pokrenuli uzbunu, ali su je onda prekinuli jer su mislili da avion leti tako visoko jer je samo izviđačka letelica. Pri visini od 9.450 m Enola Gej u 8 časova i 15 minuta izbacila atomsku bombu koja je detonirala na visini od 580 m. U jednom trenutku je poginulo 140.000 ljudi (od radijacije još više), temperatura na tlu u blizini središta eksplozije dosezala je i do 5000 °C. Snažni udarni talas vetra, brzine 800 km/h, i plamene oluje uništili su gotovo sve unutar 13 km². Eksplozija je uzrokovala i vreli pečurkasti oblak prašine i krhotina visok 15.250 m. Posada aviona ni sama nije znala kolike će biti posledice eksplozije, a dim u obliku pečurke video se i pri udaljenosti od 560 km.
Vlada i vojni zvaničnici Japana nisu prvobitno znali šta se dogodilo. Kasnije su, nakon upozorenja SAD, pokrenuli debatu i bili spremni na kapitulaciju, ali pod određenim uslovima. Na to su SAD 9. avgusta izbacile drugu atomsku bombu, ovog puta na grad Nagasaki. Prvobitni cilj je trebalo da bude grad Kokura, ali je odlučeno da zbog lošeg vremena nova meta bude Nagasaki. U 11 časova i 2 minuta bačena je bomba nazvana "Debeli čovek" iz bombardera Boks Kar, a glavni cilj je bio Micubiši koncern, ali ga je promašila za više od 2 km. No, ipak je uništila pola grada. Bomba je detonirala na visini od 470 m i ubila 22.000 ljudi, a još 39.000 je poginulo od posledica radijacije.
Rezultati[uredi | uredi izvor]
Suočen sa sovjetskom invazijom Mandžurije i očekivanim sovjetskim i američkim iskrcavanjem na matičnim ostrvima, kao da bi sprečio i potencijalnu treću eksploziju, Japan se odlučio za bezuslovnu kapitulaciju čime je i završen Drugi svetski rat. Procenjuje se da je od eksplozije i udarnog talasa poginulo najmanje 78.000 ljudi. Crne kišne kapi koje su kasnije padale i nosile radijaciju, odnele su još života. Prema procenama Japana iz 1968, 250.000 stanovnika Hirošime umrlo je odmah nakon eksplozije ili u roku od pet godina od bolesti uzrokovanih radijacijom. Mnogi od preživelih su kasnije umirali ili još umiru od posledica bombardovanja, kao što su rak i leukemija, tako da niko sa sigurnošću ne zna koliko je žrtava odnelo bacanje atomske bombe.
Debata o ispravnosti bombardovanja[uredi | uredi izvor]
Za[uredi | uredi izvor]
Pobornici odluke o korišćenju atomske bombe tvrde da bi došlo do ogromnih žrtava sa obe strane da je umesto napada atomskim oružjem izvršena invazija na Japan.[1] Američki službeni stav glasi da je do atomskog bombardovanja moralo doći jer bi invazija na Japan uzela prevelike žrtve.
Oni koji opravdavaju atomske napade takođe podsećaju na naredbu izdatu od japanskog ministarstva odbrane 1. avgusta 1944. godine, u kojoj se preti streljanjem preko 100.000 zarobljenih savezničkih vojnika u slučaju američke invazije japanskih ostrva.[2]
Neki istoričari tvrde da su SAD htele brz završetak rata da bi na taj način izbegle sovjetski prodor na istok.
Protiv[uredi | uredi izvor]
Neki kritičari takođe tvrde da nije bilo ni vojno-strateških razloga za upotrebu atomskih bombi. Velika bombardovanja i razaranja japanskih gradova su već bila uništila njihovu vojnu industriju i prehrambenu proizvodnju do te mere da su bili u kritičnom stanju. Na to se mora dodati sovjetsko proglašenje rata Japanu; pitanje nije bilo da li su Japanci spremni na nastavak ratovanja - oni više nisu mogli da ratuju zbog nedostataka oružja i prehrane.
Kritičari atomskog bombardovanja tvrde da je Japan pokušavao da počne pregovore o kapitulaciji, ali da su ih Amerikanci ignorisali. Umesto toga, upotrebili su atomsko naoružanje najviše da bi zastrašili buduće neprijatelje, Sovjetski Savez. Takođe se procenjuje da SAD nisu htele da veliki novac uložen u projekat Menhetn odu u nepovrat bez upotrebe novog oružja.
Jedan od kritičara upotrebe atomskog naoružanja bio je i Albert Ajnštajn. On je ranije, u strahu da bi nacisti mogli da naprave atomsku bombu, zajedno sa drugim istaknutim fizičarima potpisao pismo u kojem se zahteva od predsednika Ruzvelta da usavrši atomsko naoružanje. Kada je kasnije video pustoš i razaranje na mestu atomskih bombardovanja, predomislio se. Američki vojni generali Daglas Makartur i Dvajt D. Ajzenhauer su takođe bili kritičari upotrebe atomskog oružja.
Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Hasegawa 2005, str. 298–299.
- ^ Jedini primerak ovog naređenja je nakon rata pronašao britanski ratni zarobljenik Džek Edvards, u ruševinama logora Kinkaseki.
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