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Građanska prava

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Pojam građanska prava obuhvata sva lična, politička i socioekonomska prava koja su zagarantovana najvišim zakonima države. Prva sveobuhvatna deklaracija o pravima čoveka i građanina usvojena je za vreme Francuske revolucije 1789 god., da bi kasnije bila osnov za formiranje zakonodavstava u velikom broju savremenih država. Najvažniji problem u socijalnom radu, kao i drugim naukama koje se bave problemima ljudi, je u kojoj meri se ljudska prava poštuju i kakve su konsekvence za one koji ta prava, u bilo kom obliku, ugrožavaju i suspenduju.[1]

Građanska prava uključuju osiguranje fizičkog i mentalnog integriteta, života i bezbednosti ljudi; zaštitu od diskriminacije na osnovu rase, pola, seksualne orijentacije, rodnog identiteta, nacionalnog porekla, boje kože, starosti, političkih gledišta, etničke pripadnosti, veroispovesti i invalidnosti;[2][3][4] i individualna prava kao što su privatnost i sloboda mišljenja, govora, religije, štampe, okupljanja i kretanja.

Politička prava uključuju prirodnu pravdu (proceduralnu pravičnost) u zakonu, kao što su prava optuženog, uključujući pravo na pošteno suđenje; pravo na traženje pravne zaštite ili pravnog leka; i prava učešća u civilnom društvu i politici, kao što su sloboda udruživanja, pravo na okupljanje, pravo na peticiju, pravo na samoodbranu i pravo glasa.

Građanska i politička prava predstavljaju izvorni i glavni deo međunarodnih ljudskih prava.[5] Oni obuhvataju prvi deo Univerzalne deklaracije o ljudskim pravima iz 1948. (pri čemu ekonomska, socijalna i kulturna prava, čine drugi deo). Teorija tri generacije ljudskih prava ovu grupu prava smatra „pravima prve generacije”, a teorija negativnih i pozitivnih prava smatra ih uglavnom negativnim pravima.

Istorija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Fraza „prava građana” je prevod sa latinskog jus civis (pravo građanina). Rimski građani su mogli biti slobodni (libertas) ili servilni (servitus), ali svi su imali zakonska prava.[6] Nakon Milanskog edikta 313. godine, ta prava su uključivala i slobodu veroispovesti; međutim 380. godine Solunski edikt zahtevao je od svih subjekata rimskog carstva da ispovedaju katoličko hrišćanstvo.[7] Rimska pravna doktrina izgubljena je tokom srednjeg veka, ali tvrdnje o univerzalnim pravima su i dalje mogle da se postavljaju na osnovu hrišćanske doktrine. Prema vođama Ketove pobune (1549), „svi obavezani ljudi mogu biti oslobođeni, jer je Bog učinio sve slobodnim svojim dragocenim prolivanjem krvi”.[8]

Kritika građanskog vaspitanja[uredi | uredi izvor]

Sadberske škole tvrde da se vrednosti, socijalna pravda i demokratija moraju naučiti kroz iskustvo[9][10][11][12] kao što je Aristotel rekao: „Za stvari koje moramo da naučimo pre nego što ih uradimo, učimo radeći ih.“[13] Oni navode da u tu svrhu škole moraju podsticati etičko ponašanje i ličnu odgovornost. Da bi postigle ove ciljeve, škole moraju omogućiti učenicima tri velike slobode – slobodu izbora, slobodu delovanja i slobodu snošenja rezultata delovanja – koje predstavljaju ličnu odgovornost.[14] „Najsnažnije, političko obrazloženje“ za demokratske škole je da one podučavaju „vrline demokratskog promišljanja zarad budućeg građanstva“.[15] Na ovu vrstu obrazovanja se u literaturi o deliberativnoj demokratiji često aludira kao na ispunjavanje neophodnih i osnovnih principa, društvene i institucionalne promene neophodne za razvoj demokratije koja uključuje intenzivno učešće u grupnom donošenju odluka, pregovaranju i društvenom životu sa posledicama.

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ Delovi članka su preuzeti iz knjige Ivana Vidanovića „Rečnik socijalnog rada“, uz odobrenje autora.
  2. ^ The Civil Rights act of 1964, ourdocuments.gov Arhivirano 2019-03-22 na sajtu Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, accessboard.gov Arhivirano 2013-07-20 na sajtu Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Summary of LGBT civil rights protections, by state, at Lambda Legal, lambdalegal.org
  5. ^ A useful survey is Paul Sieghart, The Lawful Rights of Mankind: An Introduction to the International Legal Code of Human Rights, Oxford University Press, 1985.
  6. ^ Mears, T. Lambert, Analysis of M. Ortolan's Institutes of Justinian, Including the History and, p. 75.
  7. ^ Fahlbusch, Erwin and Geoffrey William Bromiley, The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4, p. 703.
  8. ^ „Human Rights: 1500–1760 – Background”. Nationalarchives.gov.uk. Pristupljeno 11. 2. 2012. 
  9. ^ Greenberg, D. (1992), Education in America – A View from Sudbury Valley, Greenberg, Daniel (1992). „'Ethics' is a Course Taught By Life Experience.”. Education in America: A View from Sudbury Valley. The Sudbury Valley School. ISBN 9781888947076.  Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  10. ^ Greenberg, D. (1987), The Sudbury Valley School Experience, „Teaching Justice Through Experience.”. The Sudbury Valley School Experience. The Sudbury Valley School. 1992. ISBN 9781888947014.  Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  11. ^ Greenberg, D. (1992), Education in America – A View from Sudbury Valley, Greenberg, Daniel (1992). „Democracy Must be Experienced to be Learned.”. Education in America: A View from Sudbury Valley. The Sudbury Valley School. ISBN 9781888947076.  Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  12. ^ Greenberg, D. (1987) Chapter 35, "With Liberty and Justice for All," Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (11. maj 2011) Free at Last – The Sudbury Valley School. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  13. ^ Bynum, W.F. and Porter, R. (eds) (2005) Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations. Oxford University Press. 21:9.
  14. ^ Greenberg, D. (1987) The Sudbury Valley School Experience "Back to Basics – Moral basics." Arhivirano 2011-05-11 na sajtu Wayback Machine Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  15. ^ Curren, R. (2007) Philosophy of Education: An Anthology. Blackwell Publishing. p. 163.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

  • Kennedy, Kerry (1997). Citizenship Education And The Modern State. Washington, D.C: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-36864-6. OCLC 820719540. Pristupljeno 1. 12. 2018. 
  • Frederick Converse Beach, George Edwin Rines, The Americana: a universal reference library, comprising the arts and sciences, literature, history, biography, geography, commerce, etc., of the world, Volume 5, Scientific American compiling department, 1912
  • Greenberg, D. (1992), Education in America – A View from Sudbury Valley, Greenberg, Daniel (1992). „'Ethics' is a Course Taught By Life Experience.”. Education in America: A View from Sudbury Valley. The Sudbury Valley School. ISBN 9781888947076.  Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  • Greenberg, D. (1987), The Sudbury Valley School Experience, „Teaching Justice Through Experience.”. The Sudbury Valley School Experience. The Sudbury Valley School. 1992. ISBN 9781888947014.  Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  • Greenberg, D. (1992), Education in America – A View from Sudbury Valley, „Democracy Must be Experienced to be Learned.”.  Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar |title= (pomoć) Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  • Greenberg, D. (1987) Chapter 35, "With Liberty and Justice for All," Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (11. maj 2011) Free at Last – The Sudbury Valley School. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  • Greenberg, D. (1987) The Sudbury Valley School Experience "Back to Basics – Moral basics." Arhivirano 2011-05-11 na sajtu Wayback Machine Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  • Curren, R. (2007) Philosophy of Education: An Anthology. Blackwell Publishing.
  • Bers, Marina Umaschi. (2008). “Civic Identities, Online Technologies: From Designing Civic Curriculum to Supporting Civic Experiences." Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth. Edited by W. Lance Bennett. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2008, pp. 139–160.
  • Ellen C. Lagemann & Harry R. Lewis. (2012). “Renewing Civic Education: Time to Restore American Higher Education's Lost Mission” (Harvard Magazine, March-Apr).
  • Bennett, W. Lance. (2008). “Changing Citizenship in the Digital Age." Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth. Edited by W. Lance Bennett. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2008, pp. 1–24.
  • No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-110, § 115, Stat. 1425 (2002)
  • Godsay, S., Henderson, W., Levine, P., Littenberg-Tobias, J., & CIRCLE (The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement). (2012). State Civic Education Requirements. CIRCLE Fact Sheet. Center For Information And Research On Civic Learning And Engagement (CIRCLE).
  • The findings include Godsay, Surbhi; et al. (2012), State Civic Education Requirements. CIRCLE Fact Sheet, pp. 1–2, retrieved February 11, 2021.
  • The CIRCLE Fact Sheet excludes Illinois in this total since it "requires students to take US History or US History & Civics".
  • Fleming, Nora. (2011) "Few States Test Students on Civics." Education Week, 32 (08). Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2012/10/11/08civics.h32.html
  • „Hey Policy Makers! Tests Are Not the Answer for Better Civics Education”. The Civic Educator (na jeziku: engleski). 2017-09-13. Pristupljeno 2017-09-20. 
  • National Center for Education Statistics (2011). The Nation’s Report Card: Civics 2010 (NCES 2011–466). Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, Washington, D.C.
  • Lin, Alex (2015). „Citizenship education in American schools and its role in developing civic engagement: A review of the research”. Educational Review. 67: 35—63. S2CID 145345310. doi:10.1080/00131911.2013.813440. 
  • National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS). (2013), The College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards: Guidance for Enhancing the Rigor of K–12 Civics, Economics, Geography, and History. Silver Spring, MD: NCSS.
  • Jenkins, H. (2007). "Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: Media education for the 21st century." Chicago: The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.
  • Amanda Lenhart, Mary Madden, Aaron Smith, Kristen Purcell, Kathryn Zickuhr and Lee Rainie, Teens, Kindness and Cruelty on Social Network Sites: How American teens navigate the new world of “digital citizenship” (Pew Internet & American Life Project, November 2011),http://pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2011/PIP_Teens_Kindness_Cruelty_SNS_Report_Nov_2011_FINAL_110711.pdf Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (21. oktobar 2013) (accessed on October 8, 2015).
  • Don Tapscott, Growing up digital: The rise of the net generation ( New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997); W. Lance Bennett, Deen Freelon and Chris Wells, “Changing Citizen Identity and the Rise of a Participatory Media Culture,” in Lonnie R. Sherrod, Judith Torney-Purta and Constance A. Flanagan (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010).
  • All Together Now: Collaboration and Innovation for Youth Engagement: The Report of the Commission on Youth Voting and Civic Knowledge (Medford, MA: Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2013)
  • Mihailidis, P., & Thevenin, B. (2013). Media Literacy as a Core Competency for Engaged Citizenship in Participatory Democracy. American Behavioral Scientist, 0002764213489015.
  • Lupia, Arthur (2015). Uninformed: Why People Seem to Know So Little about Politics and What We Can Do about It. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190263720. 

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Građanska prava na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Preuzeto iz „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Грађанска_права&oldid=27551955”