Robert Openhajmer

Robert Openhajmer
Robert Openhajmer
Lični podaci
Puno ime	Džulijus Robert Openhajmer
Datum rođenja	(1904-04-22)22. april 1904.
Mesto rođenja	Njujork, Njujork (Njujork), SAD
Datum smrti	18. februar 1967.(1967-02-18) (62 god.)
Mesto smrti	Prinston, Nju Džerzi, SAD
Obrazovanje	Hristov koledž, Univerzitet Harvard, Kevendišova laboratorija, Univerzitet u Getingenu, Ethical Culture Fieldston School, Univerzitet u Kembridžu
Naučni rad
Polje	fizika
Potpis

Džulijus Robert Openhajmer (engl. Julius Robert Oppenheimer; Njujork, 22. april 1904 — Prinston, 18. februar 1967), američki fizičar i filozof.

Bio je direktor Instituta za napredne studije u Prinstonu. Poznat je po radovima iz nuklearne fizike. Godine 1936, otkrio je tip nuklearnih reakcija poznatih pod nazivom stripping reakcije, koje su važne pri određivanju nuklearne strukture. Tokom Drugog svetskog rata bio je na čelu istraživačkog rada za proizvodnju atomske bombe u Los Alamosu. Posle rata negativno se odnosio prema projektu izrade H-bombe, pa je 1954. optužen zbog simpatija prema komunizmu. Iako su policijska ispitivanja dokazala njegovu lojalnost SAD, ipak mu je zabranjen pristup poverljivim dokumentima o nuklearnim istraživanjima. Iako je ostao bez direktnog političkog uticaja, Openhajmer je nastavio da predaje, piše i radi u oblasti fizike. Deceniju kasnije, predsednik Džon F. Kenedi mu je dodelio nagradu Enriko Fermi, što je bio gest političke rehabilitacije. Kao naučnik, Openhajmer je najviše ostao zapamćen po tome što je bio glavni osnivač Američke škole teorijske fizike dok je bio na Univerzitetu Berkli.

Radovi

• Oppenheimer, J. Robert (1954). Science and the Common Understanding. New York: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 34304713. 
• Oppenheimer, J. Robert (1955). The Open Mind. New York: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 297109. 
• Oppenheimer, J. Robert (1964). The Flying Trapeze: Three Crises for Physicists. London: Oxford University Press. OCLC 592102. 
• Oppenheimer, J. Robert; Rabi, I.I (1969). Oppenheimer. New York: Scribner. OCLC 2729.  (posthumous)
• Oppenheimer, J. Robert; Smith, Alice Kimball; Weiner, Charles (1980). Robert Oppenheimer, Letters and Recollections. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-77605-0. OCLC 5946652.  (posthumous)
• Oppenheimer, J. Robert; Metropolis, N.; Rota, Gian-Carlo; Sharp, D. H. (1984). Uncommon Sense. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Birkhäuser Boston. ISBN 978-0-8176-3165-9. OCLC 10458715.  (posthumous)
• Oppenheimer, J. Robert (1989). Atom and Void: Essays on Science and Community. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08547-0. OCLC 19981106.  (posthumous)

Literatura

• Anderson, Leif E.; Whitaker, Ewen A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. Springfield, Virginia: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. OCLC 9424347. 
• Bethe, Hans (1968). The Road from Los Alamos. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-0-88318-707-4. OCLC 22661282. 
• Bird, Kai; Sherwin, Martin J. (2005). American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41202-8. OCLC 56753298. 
• Bundy, McGeorge (1988). Danger and Survival: Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-52278-8. 
• Carson, Cathryn (2005). „§Introduction”. Ur.: Carson, Cathryn; Hollinger, David A. Reappraising Oppenheimer: Centennial Studies and Reflections. Berkeley, California: Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California. str. 1—10. ISBN 978-0-9672617-3-7. OCLC 64385611. 
• Cassidy, David C. (2005). J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century. New York: Pi Press. ISBN 978-0-13-147996-8. OCLC 56503198. 
• Conant, Jennet (2005). 109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-5007-8. 
• Feldman, Burton (2000). The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-537-0. 
• Groves, Leslie (1962). Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project.. New York: Harper & Brothers. ISBN 978-0-306-70738-4. 
• Haynes, John Earl (2006). Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials that Shaped American Politics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-67407-2. 
• Herken, Gregg (2002). Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-6588-6. 
• Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939–1946. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07186-5. 
• Hewlett, Richard G.; Duncan, Francis (1969). Atomic Shield, Volume II, 1947–1952. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07187-2. 
• Hewlett, Richard G.; Holl, Jack M. (1989). Atoms for Peace and War, 1953–1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission (PDF). A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06018-0. 
• Hijiya, James A. (jun 2000). „The Gita of Robert Oppenheimer” (PDF). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 144 (2). Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 15. 5. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 16. 12. 2013. 
• Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. (1993). Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44132-2. 
• Hollinger, David A. (2005). „§Afterward”. Ur.: Carson, Cathryn; Hollinger, David A. Reappraising Oppenheimer: Centennial Studies and Reflections. Berkeley, California: Office for History of Science and Technology, Univ. of California. str. 385—390. ISBN 978-0-9672617-3-7. OCLC 64385611. 
• Hufbauer, Karl (2005). „J. Robert Oppenheimer's Path to Black Holes”. Ur.: Carson, Cathryn; Hollinger, David A. Reappraising Oppenheimer: Centennial Studies and Reflections. Berkeley, California: Office for History of Science and Technology, Univ. of California. str. 31—47. ISBN 978-0-9672617-3-7. OCLC 64385611. 
• Jones, Vincent (1985). Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. 
• Jungk, Robert (1958). Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists. New York: Harcourt Brace. ISBN 978-0-15-614150-5. OCLC 181321. 
• Kelly, Cynthia C. (2006). Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project: Insights into J. Robert Oppenheimer, "Father of the Atomic Bomb". Hackensack, New Jersey: World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-256-418-4. OCLC 65637244. 
• McMillan, Priscilla Johnson (2005). The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Birth of the Modern Arms Race. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03422-3. 
• Monk, Ray (2012). Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center. New York; Toronto: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-50407-2. 
• Pais, Abraham (2006). J. Robert Oppenheimer: A Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516673-6. OCLC 65637244. 
• Polenberg, Richard (2002). In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: The Security Clearance Hearing. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University. ISBN 978-0-8014-3783-0. OCLC 47767155. 
• Polenberg, Richard (2005). „The Fortunate Fox”. Ur.: Carson, Cathryn; Hollinger, David A. Reappraising Oppenheimer: Centennial Studies and Reflections. Berkeley, California: Office for History of Science and Technology, Univ. of California. str. 267—272. ISBN 978-0-9672617-3-7. OCLC 64385611. 
• Rhodes, Richard (oktobar 1977). „'I Am Become Death ... ': The Agony of J. Robert Oppenheimer”. American Heritage. Arhivirano iz originala 12. 6. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 23. 5. 2008. 
• Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-44133-3. OCLC 13793436. 
• Rhodes, Richard (1995). Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82414-0. 
• Schweber, Silvan (2008). Einstein and Oppenheimer: the Meaning of Genius. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674028289. OCLC 175218496. 
• Smith, Alice Kimball; Weiner, Charles (1980). Robert Oppenheimer: Letters and recollections. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2620-7. OCLC 5946652. 
• Spangenburg, Ray; Moser, Diane (2004). Science Frontiers, 1946 to the Present. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-816-06880-7. OCLC 63147774. 
• Stern, Philip M. (1969). The Oppenheimer Case: Security on Trial. New York: Harper & Row. OCLC 31389. 
• Strout, Cushing (1963). Conscience, Science and Security: The Case of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer. Chicago: Rand McNally. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 12. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 24. 07. 2020. 
• Szasz, Ferenc M. (1984). The Day the Sun Rose Twice. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-0767-5. OCLC 10779209. 
• United States Atomic Energy Commission (1954). In the Matter of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. Pristupljeno 20. 2. 2013. 
• Wolverton, Mark (2008). A Life in Twilight: The Final Years of J. Robert Oppenheimer. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-37440-2. OCLC 223882887. 
• Young, Ken; Schilling, Warner R. (2019). Super Bomb: Organizational Conflict and the Development of the Hydrogen Bomb. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-4516-4. 

Spoljašnje veze

Preslušajte članak (info)

noicon

Pročitana Vikipedija

Ova audio datoteka je napravljena iz verzije članka „Robert Openhajmer” datuma April 18, 2005 i ne uključuje kasnije izmene stranice. (audio pomoć)

Više pročitanih članaka

• Biography and online exhibit created for the centennial of his birth
• 1965 Audio Interview with J. Robert Oppenheimer by Stephane Groueff Voices of the Manhattan Project
• PBS American Experience / The Trials of J. Robert Oppenheimer Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (23. mart 2010)
• Robert Openhajmer na sajtu IMDb (jezik: engleski) 
• J. Robert Oppenheimer (Character) on IMDb
• Was Oppenheimer a member of the Communist Party? documents on the question
• On Atomic Energy, Problems to Civilization audio file of UC Berkeley talk, November 1946
• Oppenheimer talking about the experience of the first bomb test (video file, "Now I am become death, destroyer of worlds.")
• Scanned and declassified government documents relating to the Oppenheimer Hearings and H-Bomb decision
• "Freedom and Necessity in the Sciences" audio and documents from a lecture at Dartmouth College, April 1959
• FBI files on Katherine Oppenheimer (wife) at vault.fbi.gov