Šiva

Statua koja prikazuje Šivu kao kosmičku plesačicu.

Statua u Bangaloru, prikazan je Šiva kako meditira, u muškoj formi.

Šiva (sanskrit: शिव Śiva, bengali: শিব, telugu: శివుడు) ili Veliko božanstvo (Mahadeva) je jedno od tri najviša božanstva u Indiji, uz Bramu i Višnu, predstavlja sveto trojstvo (Trimurti) u hinduizmu. Šiva je nekad predstavljena kao muško, nekad kao žensko božanstvo, i može uzeti razne forme. Prvobitno božanstvo vatre, kao oživiteljice i uništiteljke vaseljene. Predstavlja se sa dva lica, od kojih jedno označava plodnost, a drugo milost. Simboli Šive su bik Nandi, kao i falus Linga. U liku Šive se izražava dvovalentnost vremena - ona naizmenično stvara i uništava, proizvodi svetove i reapsorbuju ih u večnom zbivanju, koje će ikonografija predstaviti plesnim pokretom: Šiva u ruci drži bubanj kojim izaziva predstavu o zvuku, simbolu stvaranja, a u drugoj ima plamen, vatru koja na kraju svakog razdoblja uništava svemir. Velika majka je bela i crna, Durga i Kali, život i smrt, a smenjivanjem ove dve faze obezbeđena je trajnost. Mantra u slavu Šive glasi Om Nama Šivaja (Aum Namah Śivāya, devanagarijem: ॐ नमः शिवाय). Po njemu je nazvan Šivizam.

Šiva je poznat kao Razarač unutar Trimurtija, hinduističkog trojstva koje takođe uključuje Brahmu i Višnua. U šaivskoj tradiciji, Šiva je Uzvišeni Gospod koji stvara, štiti i transformiše univerzum. U šaktističkoj tradiciji orijentisanoj na boginju, vrhovna boginja (Devi) se smatra energijom i kreativnom moći (Šakti) i ravnopravnim komplementarnim partnerom Šive. Šiva je jedno od pet ekvivalentnih božanstava u Pančajatana puji hinduističke tradicije Smarta.

Šiva ima mnogo aspekata, dobronamernih i zastrašujućih. U dobronamernim aspektima, on je prikazan kao sveznajući jogi koji živi asketskim životom na planini Kajlaš, kao i domaćin sa svojom ženom Parvati i njegovo dvoje dece, Ganešom i Kartikejom. U svojim žestokim aspektima, često je prikazan kako ubija demone. Šiva je takođe poznat kao Adijogi (prvi jogi), koji se smatra bogom zaštitnikom joge, meditacije i umetnosti.

Šivini ikonografski atributi su zmijski kralj Vasuki oko njegovog vrata, ukrašeni polumesec, sveta reka Gang, koja teče iz njegove zamršene kose, treće oko na čelu (oko koje sve ispred sebe pretvara u pepeo kada se otvori), trišula ili trozubac kao njegovo oružje i damaru. Obično se obožava u anikoničnom obliku lingama.

Šiva ima pre-vedske korene, a lik Šive je evoluirao kao spoj različitih starijih nevedskih i vedskih božanstava, uključujući rigvedskog boga oluje Rudru koji takođe može imati nevedsko poreklo, u jedno glavno božanstvo. Šiva je panhindusko božanstvo, koje Hindusi široko poštuju u Indiji, Nepalu, Bangladešu, Šri Lanki i Indoneziji (naročito na Javi i Baliju).

Literatura

• Tuči, Đuzepe (1982). Istorija indijske filozofije. Beograd: NOLIT. 
• Apte, Vaman Shivram (1965). The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary (Fourth revised and enlarged izd.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 81-208-0567-4. 
• Arya, Ravi Prakash & K. L. Joshi. Ṛgveda Saṃhitā: Sanskrit Text, English Translation. Parimal Publications, Delhi, 2001, ISBN 81-7110-138-7 (Set of four volumes). Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45; 2003 reprint: 81–7020-070-9.
• Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009), Empires of the Silk Road, Princeton University Press 
• Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3939-5. 
• Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986). The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages (Second Revised izd.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0053-2. 
• Sitansu S. Chakravarti (1991). Hinduism, a Way of Life. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0899-7. 
• Suresh Chandra (1998). Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-039-9. 
• Chatterji, J.C. (1986). Kashmir Shaivism. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 8176254274. 
• Chidbhavananda, Swami (1997). Siva Sahasranama Stotram: With Navavali, Introduction, and English Rendering. Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam. ISBN 81-208-0567-4.  (Third edition). The version provided by Chidbhavananda is from chapter 17 of the Anuśāsana Parva of the Mahābharata.
• Coburn, Thomas B. (1991). Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-0446-3. 
• Coburn, Thomas B. (2002). Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition. South Asia Books. ISBN 81-208-0557-7. 
• Courtright, Paul B. (1985). Gaṇeśa: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505742-2. 
• Davidson, Ronald M. (2004). Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement. Motilal Banarsidass. 
• Davis, Richard H. (1992). Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Śiva in Medieval India. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-07386-6. 
• Debnath, Sailen (2009). The Meanings of Hindu Gods, Goddesses and Myths. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. ISBN 978-8129114815. 
• Deussen, Paul (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120814677. 
• Dutt, Manmatha Nath (1905). A Prose English Translation of the Mahabharata: (translated Literally from the Original Sanskrit Text).. Anushasana Parva, Volume 13. Beadon Street, Calcutta: Dass, Elysium Press. 
• Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43878-0. 
• Flood, Gavin (2003). „The Śaiva Traditions”. Ur.: Flood, Gavin. The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-3251-5. 
• Frawley, David. 2015. Shiva: the lord of yoga. Twin Lakes, WI : Lotus Press.
• Fuller, Christopher John (2004). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and society in India. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12048-5. 
• Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (2004). Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd. ISBN 8121505933. 
• Goldberg, Ellen (2002). The Lord Who is Half Woman: Ardhanārīśvara in Indian and Feminist Perspective. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-5326-X. 
• Griffith, T. H. (1973). The Hymns of the Ṛgveda (New Revised izd.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0046-X. 
• Goswami Tulsidas (1985). Hanuman Chalisa. Chennai, India: Sri Ramakrishna Math. ISBN 81-7120-086-9. 
• Gupta, Shakti M. (1988). Karttikeya: The Son of Shiva. Bombay: Somaiya Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-7039-186-5. 
• Hopkins, E. Washburn (1969). Epic Mythology. New York: Biblo and Tannen.  Originally published in 1915.
• Issitt, Micah Lee; Main, Carlyn (2014). Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-478-0. 
• Jansen, Eva Rudy (1993). The Book of Hindu Imagery. Havelte, Holland: Binkey Kok Publications BV. ISBN 90-74597-07-6. 
• Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York, USA: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0. 
• David Kinsley (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-90883-3. 
• Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1984). Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-0-88920-158-3. 
• Kramrisch, Stella (1981). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01930-4. 
• Lochtefeld, James (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. 
• Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1996). A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. ISBN 81-215-0715-4. 
• William K. Mahony (1998). The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3579-3. 
• Mallinson, James (2007). The Shiva Samhita, A critical edition and English translation by James Mallinson. Woodstock, NY: YogVidya. ISBN 978-0-9716466-5-0. 
• Marchand, Peter (2007). The Yoga of Truth: Jnana: The Ancient Path of Silent Knowledge. Rochester, VT: Destiny Books. ISBN 978-1-59477-165-1. 
• Marshall, John (1996). Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization. Asian Educational Services; Facsimile of 1931 ed edition. ISBN 8120611799. 
• Mate, M. S. (1988). Temples and Legends of Maharashtra. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 
• McDaniel, June (9. 7. 2004). Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls : Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-534713-5. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08952-2. 
• Nath, Vijay (2001), „From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition”, Social Scientist, 29 (3/4): 19—50, JSTOR 3518337, doi:10.2307/3518337 
• Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2004). Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism, in three volumes. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. ISBN 8176254274. 
• Tracy Pintchman (2015). The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-1618-2. 
• Tracy Pintchman (2014). Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-9049-5. 
• Radhakrishnan, Sarvapalli (1953), The Principal Upanishads, New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India (1994 Reprint), ISBN 81-7223-124-5 
• Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-02522-5. 
• Sastri, A Mahadeva (1898). Amritabindu and Kaivalya Upanishads with Commentaries. Thomson & Co. 
• Sarup, Lakshman (2002) [1927]. The Nighaṇṭu and The Nirukta. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 8120813812. 
• Arvind Sharma (2000). Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-564441-8. 
• Sharma, Ram Karan (1988). Elements of Poetry in the Mahābhārata (Second izd.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0544-5. 
• Sharma, Ram Karan (1996). Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam: Eight Collections of Hymns Containing One Thousand and Eight Names of Śiva. Delhi: Nag Publishers. ISBN 81-7081-350-6.  This work compares eight versions of the Śivasahasranāmāstotra with comparative analysis and Śivasahasranāmākoṣa (A Dictionary of Names). The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit.
• Sivaramamurti, C. (1976). Śatarudrīya: Vibhūti of Śiva's Iconography. Delhi: Abhinav Publications. 
• Stutley, Margaret (1985). The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography.  First Indian Edition: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2003, ISBN 81-215-1087-2.
• Tattwananda, Swami (1984). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship. Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.  First revised edition.
• Varenne, Jean (1976). Yoga and the Hindu Tradition. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-85116-8. 
• Warrier, AG Krishna (1967). Śākta Upaniṣads. Adyar Library and Research Center. ISBN 978-0-8356-7318-1. OCLC 2606086. 
• Sadasivan, S. N. (2000). A Social History of India. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-8176481700. 
• Wayman, Alex; Singh, Jaideva (1991). „Review: A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana of Abhinavagupta”. Philosophy East and West. 41 (2): 266—268. JSTOR 1399778. doi:10.2307/1399778. 
• Zimmer, Heinrich (1946). Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01778-6.  First Princeton-Bollingen printing, 1972.

Spoljašnje veze

• Shaivism, Peter Bisschop, Oxford Bibliographies